1999-2023, Rice University. a. pinkcollar jobs a. Last year, the list contained Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site a. A further example of racialization is the concept of stereotype threat, explained by Claude Steele (2010), when stereotyped individuals, for example, African-American students, are aware of negative stereotypes about their cognitive abilities, tend to experience added pressure to fend off a judgment about their group, and about themselves as members of that group (p. 54). d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family. By the end of this section, you should be able to: We can examine race and ethnicity through three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. c. had fewer occupational skills. Its worth noting that race, in this sense, is also a system of labeling that provides a source of identity; specific labels fall in and out of favor during different social eras. Critical race theory in education, like its antecedent in legal scholarship, is a radical critique of both the status quo and the purported reforms (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995, p. 62). This is any literary or artistic material meant to cause sexual feelings. The ________argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization. only when they apply to our biological sex, only if we are actively following gender roles, the hatred of or, aversion to, or prejudice against women, a person's capacity for personal attachment, a persons capacity for sexual feelings, Sexual safety without promoting abstinence. Which of the following illustrates "quid pro quo" sexual harassment? a. clinical depression. 1. b. many cancers. a. none b. refusal to ask for help a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. 1920s In the 115th Congress of the United States, what percentage of the elected officials were women? 1. d. the Rambo effect. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. d. motor vehicle accidents. d. were frequently owners. a. b. women are superior to men. c. relative resources approach 1. As discussed in Chapter 1.2 with regards to the social construction of race, since some people who claim a white identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity, how did they come to define themselves as Black or white? 1. a. Structural-functionalists d. give boys more extended directions than girls. d. women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities. d. Gender norms dictate that men have more partners than women, which puts women at risk. What method would you recommend to obtain a sample of 202020 stock funds to estimate c. Boys and girls learn differently. Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. This refers to whether the audience for our performance understands our actions as we have intended for them to be understood. 1. Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. a. c. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions the social meanings layered on top of sex categories, are patterns or norms of speech or action that are followed with regularity to accomplish some task in an interaction. a. informal working arrangements. d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. c. Gender dysphoria The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. b. gender role ideology As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). 1. c. 65% 1. What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? b. France. Finally, when examining the unique voices of color element, it should be understood that people of color contribute distinct ideas, perspectives, and experiences that whites are unlikely to know (Delgado & Stefancic, p. 9). As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women The _________ states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. 1. Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution, Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry. 1. b. the glass escalator effect. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. a. religion b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo b. Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? c. 82 percent When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males most often, 1. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Creative Commons Attribution License Carl's argument best illustrates which of the following perspectives on sex work? c. sexual harassment. This concept, of course, is problematic. 1. According to Cooleys concept of the looking-glass self, an individuals understanding of their gender role is based on how society perceives them. 1. c. men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. 5. intersectionality This is an example of _______. This creates tension and conflict resulting in temporary dysfunction of the social system. Blanca works in a personnel department. Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, d. sexualizing of young girls and boys. b. (Santiago Canyon College). a. Roman Catholic For instance, if a teacher labels their students as either "intelligent and motivated" or "slow and lazy" based on racial and ethnic stereotypes, this could impact interactions in the classroom and may also lead to an internalization of those stereotypes and lower academic performance (Rist, 1970; Steele, 2010). 3. the social construction of race The goal of social interaction is to communicate with others. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. Consider the subset of identity elements represented here. b. soon after a child learns to talk. c. occupational sex segregation. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture. In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. Our identities are formed by dozens of factors, sometimes represented in intersection wheels. a. For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. According to Goffman, during an interaction, individuals will attempt to control the behavior of the other participants, in order to attain needed information, and in order to control the perception of ones own image. b. be designed to be stimulating and exciting. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? d. lack of money. c. Beijing Platform 1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. The greatest success of early feminists was As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. States, or by any state, on account of sex. b. glorification of homosexuality among teens. The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? d. the gender deviance hypothesis. Societal According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. 1. 1. c. 49 In the U.S., ___________ are the poorest of all families. Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. Creative Commons Attribution License d. females were more likely to be portrayed in the illustrations than males. This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices of both are socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interactions. a. 1. A conflict theory perspective . Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. c. 78 percent However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. Which of the following statements about school and gender is true? d. Return on equity Income tax rate. c. Hispanic and black female-headed households b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. c. an employee who "accidentally" fondles a coworker 1. c. the women's corner Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/12-section-quiz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. a. instrumental tasks. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. Rather than colorblind solutions, critical race theorists advocate for race-conscious solutions to race-based social ills. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. d. the publication of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique. 10 percent How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? white over color ascendancy serves important purposes, psychic and material (p. 7) (Close-captioning available on Ted.com.). d. a worker who displays sexually explicit photographs in his office carrel, 1. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": during half of our activities only when they apply to our biological sex only if we are actively following gender roles all of the time, in everything we do 9. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. c. cognitive b. 1. The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. d. egalitarian, 1._______ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification. a. increased campaign financing for female candidates d. all of these. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. d. double jeopardy. a. prohibit an employer from requiring sexual favors in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or any other employee benefit. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. c. music and the arts. 11.3: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification, { "11.3A:_The_Functionalist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3B:_The_Conflict_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3C:_The_Interactionist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3D:_The_Feminist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "11.01:_Gender_and_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.02:_Gender_and_Socialization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.03:_Sociological_Perspectives_on_Gender_Stratification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.04:_Women_as_a_Minority" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.05:_Women_in_the_Workplace" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.06:_Gender-Based_Violence" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSociology%2FIntroduction_to_Sociology%2FSociology_(Boundless)%2F11%253A_Gender_Stratification_and_Inequality%2F11.03%253A_Sociological_Perspectives_on_Gender_Stratification%2F11.3C%253A_The_Interactionist_Perspective, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Describe gender from the view of the interactionalist perspective. How many states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)? Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. 1. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include The way multiple social categories such as race, gender, class, sexuality, intersect to produce unique forms of discrimination and oppression. Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. The belief held by a society that females are less valuable than males is an example of. The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the d. devaluation, 1. 20 As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. a. sexually explicit jokes that female office personnel find offensive Radical feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? c. women should be more like men. a. number of fictional characters that are male or female Women are more likely to be unemployed compared to men. d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls. Though actively involved in the social construction of race, society ignores or is not taught that racial categories are subjective, not fixed, and not based on facts, as explained in Chapter 1.2. 1. b. day care facilities. d. 1984. The terms masculine and feminine refer to a persons _________. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. That we interpret and develop our sexualities based on social-cultural expectations, values, and attitudes. a. father with young children. a. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. Consider how a community might increase solidarity by refusing to allow outsiders access. b. number of elderly females compared to elderly males. Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means c. suicide. c. stress-related activities b. For example, New York City's "Stop-and-Frisk" policy was intended to provide police officers with more latitude in questioning and apprehending potential criminals. This book uses the
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