In response, Allan Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), approved Project MK-Ultra in 1953. With regard to behavioral research, the CIA had a program known as MKULTRA over 20,000 pages of documents on the general subject of human behavior studies. [12] The program engaged in illegal activities,[13][14][15] including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects. [64] They gave up on the notion that LSD was "the secret that was going to unlock the universe," but it still had a place in the cloak-and-dagger arsenal. In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights: The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. Very few people have recognized the connection between MK Ultra and the rise of the UFO movement that grew in spades throughout the Cold War. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol. [100] While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent and that Ritchie's behavior was typical of someone on LSD, U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of MKUltra's victims or that LSD caused his robbery attempt, and dismissed the case in 2005. According to Kinzer, Gottlieb felt indebted to the country that provided a safe home for his parents and made his academic education possible. [43], MKOFTEN was to deal with testing and toxicological transmissivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately, humans. The only possible explanation, US intelligence concluded, was that Communists had perfected brainwashing techniques. Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: June 16, 2017. The Commission was led by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller and is commonly referred to as the Rockefeller Commission. The proposed purchase aimed to stop other countries from controlling the supply. participants involved in CIA Project The recently discovered files of Project MKULTRA do contain evidence. High doses cause convulsions, as discovered in 1934 by the Hungarian-American neurologist and psychiatrist Ladislas J. Meduna. In 1994 a Congressional subcommittee . In accordance with the procedures recently worked out for handling correspondence regarding MKULTRA Addressee w/atts ~,1~- DDA Subject w/o atts 1- AI Subject (MKULTRA) w/atts 1- HGB Chrona w/o atts A~tts: YRS in which you are requesting that we resend to you the 86-page MKULTRA list that we sent to you on 9 September 2011 in connection with your 17 August 2011 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for MKULTRA-related documents. [120], "MKULTRA" redirects here. Asa result of that report's July 1977, I reported our recent discovery of seven boxes of documents related to Project MKULTRA , a closely held CIA project conducted from 1953-1964. In 1977, Schulsinger completed his doctoral dissertation on the project, but as MKUltra had been officially declared in the U.S. to have been discontinued with records destroyed, Schulsinger's thesis became a state secret. The story of programs like MK-Ultra is a chilling look at how the US government turned its own citizens into guinea pigs and destroyed lives in the process. Sidney Gottlieb, who had retired from the CIA two years previously and had headed MKUltra, was interviewed by the committee but claimed to have very little recollection of the activities of MKUltra. In Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control, Stephen Kinzer tells the incredible story of a man who saw himself as a noble patriot and an explorer, while destroying people in the United States and abroad. [68]:141142, In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. 1953: Central Intelligence Agency director Allen Dulles authorizes the MK-ULTRA project. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Bride Lane Library/Popperfoto via Getty Images, Ken Kesey and Other MK-Ultra Participants, https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/history-of-mk-ultra. "[50] Military personnel who received the mind-altering drugs were also threatened with court-martials if they told anyone about the experiments. [67] They conducted experiments with drug-induced hypnosis and with anterograde and retrograde amnesia while under the influence of such drugs. [33] CIA counter-intelligence chief James Jesus Angleton believed that a mole had penetrated the organization at the highest levels. "[38][39][40], In 1964, MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of the MKULTRA program. The Church Committee delved into plots to assassinate foreign leaders, including Cuban dictator Fidel Castro and Congolese independence leader Patrice Lumumba. [46] The CIA wanted to know if they could make Soviet spies defect against their will and whether the Soviets could do the same to the CIA's own operatives. Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations. [5], In 1973, amid a government-wide panic caused by Watergate, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKUltra files destroyed. [36] American historian Alfred W. McCoy has claimed that the CIA attempted to focus media attention on these sorts of "ridiculous" programs so that the public would not look at the research's primary goal, which was effective methods of interrogation. Between 1963 and 1966, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) financed a research project, code-named MKULTRA the research under MKULTRA. These revelations resulted in Fords 1976 Executive Order on Intelligence Activities that prohibited experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject.. Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator, 1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C Documents Referring to subprojects. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so they may be used for malingering, etc. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Bride Lane Library/Popperfoto via Getty Images, Ken Kesey and Other MK-Ultra Participants, https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/history-of-mk-ultra. When he was outed as the man behind MK-Ultra a few years later and summoned before a Senate Commission, he brokered a deal that saved him from juridical prosecution. The story of Frank Olson inspired a Netflix TV series by Errol Morris but his death is still surrounded by mysteries. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the All-Highest? [31], Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973 by order of CIA director Richard Helms, so it has been difficult for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 funded research subprojects sponsored by MKUltra and related CIA programs. The prisoners were interrogated while being administered psychoactive drugs, electroshocked and subjected to extremes of temperature, sensory isolation and the like to develop a better understanding of how to destroy and to control human minds. Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation. New Information About Funding and Operations Disclosed by Documents and Interviews Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Experimental goals included creating "hypnotically induced anxieties", "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter", studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects", and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis". What we do know is the stuff of nightmares. During the Cold War, the CIA explored the unchartered world of 'brain warfare,' using LSD. Nine days before his death, Olson who talked about leaving his job and told his wife he had made [], A journal of theory and strategy published by Jacobin, The True Story of MK-Ultra and the CIA Mad Scientist, Taking Back Left Parties From the Brahmins. The Pimp Juice Conspiracy.Do you want to know what it is? Nine days before his death, Olson who talked about leaving his job and told his wife he had made a terrible mistake had been secretly dosed with LSD by a CIA operative. Metrazol was a trade name for pentylenetetrazol, a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant. Por la naturaleza de los abusos cometidos, los afectados slo empezaron a entender qu haba sucedido dcadas despus, y el oscuro legado del ultrasecreto programa conocido como MK-Ultra sigue. None of Cameron's personal records of his involvement with MKUltra survived because his family destroyed them after his death.[83][84]. It often conducted experiments without the subjects' knowledge or consent. Among Olson's concerns were the development of assassination materials used by the CIA, the CIA's use of biological warfare materials in covert operations, experimentation with biological weapons in populated areas, collaboration with former Nazi scientists under Operation Paperclip, LSD mind-control research, and the use of psychoactive drugs during "terminal" interrogations under a program code-named Project ARTICHOKE. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Cameron's efforts, but also that the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. Instead of looking for ways to poison large groups, he was fascinated by the idea that chemicals could be used to control a persons mind. In an ironic twist of history, the CIA helped popularize the drug that was so important in the sixties counterculture. Citing Exemption 3 of the FOIA-which provides that an agency need not disclose CIA-RDP87B00858R000400610009-6 CIA u SIMS M Syllabus MKULTRA, could. July 28, 2020 - 42 likes, 0 comments - Despierta y disfruta el viaje (@la_batidora_consciente) on Instagram: "La otra vez me hablaron de esta cancin, el mensaje MK . On November 28, 1953, Frank Olson, a scientist researching biological warfare for the US army, fell to his death from the tenth floor of the Manhattan Statler hotel. [69], During this era, Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of both the American Psychiatric Association and the Canadian Psychiatric Association. As you may recall, MKULTRA was an "umbrella MKULTRA prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963. National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019. Kinzer describes how, in the context of the Cold War, US officials concluded that such research had produced knowledge that might prove decisive in a future war. Rather than winding down after the war, the US biological and chemical research project grew. Operation Reported in U.s. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years", Prepared Statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director of Central Intelligence, "CIA Director Admits Documents on Secret Drug Experiments Destroyed", PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA's PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION, "What did the C.I.A. [70], In the 1980s, several of Cameron's former patients sued the CIA for damages, which the Canadian news program The Fifth Estate documented. Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2000): EBSCO. Lessons Spanning Half A Century", part F. Hallucinogens, "Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson", "Lawsuit by family of drugged Detrick employee dismissed", "CIA Cover-Up Suit Over Scientist's Fatal Fall Dismissed", "Pont-Saint-Esprit poisoning: Did the CIA spread LSD? One series of experiments involved giving LSD to student volunteers. 25-Year, $25 Million Program. ", Stunning tale of brainwashing, the CIA and an unsuspecting Scots researcher, "Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community, List of MKULTRA Unclassified Documents including subprojects, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MKUltra&oldid=1152561799. Regarding the MKULTRA 86-page listing, January 2013, in which you are requesting that we resend to you the 86-page MKULTRA list that we sent for MKULTRA-related documents. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973. [90] In 1975, Olson's family received a $750,000 settlement from the U.S. government and formal apologies from President Gerald Ford and CIA Director William Colby, though their apologies were limited to informed consent issues concerning Olson's ingestion of LSD. ", "Ken Kesey, Author of 'Cuckoo's Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66", "I'm Whitey Bulger. #douglas73 #douglas73conhecimentooculto #douglas73exposingthetruth #exposed21 - NASA EXPOSED 2 A PROVA DEFINITIVA PARTE 2 #terraplana #domo #firmamento Cameron died on September 8, 1967, after suffering a heart attack while he and his son were mountain climbing. It also uncovered thousands of documents related to MK-Ultra. MK-Ultra was a top-secret CIA project in which the agency conducted hundreds of clandestine experimentssometimes on unwitting U.S. citizensto assess the potential use of LSD and other drugs for mind control, information gathering and psychological torture. Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didnt become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread illegal CIA activities within the United States and around the world. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented with human subjects. [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD. Whenever a scientist had a blemished past, as Kinzer observes, US officials rewrote his biography, systematically expunging references to membership in the SS, collaboration with the Gestapo, abuse of slave laborers and experiments on human subjects. This was Operation Paperclip named after the paperclips used to mark the files of the scientists that were brought over to the United States (over seven hundred in total). HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.[13]. [94][95] However, academic sources attribute the incident to ergot poisoning through a local bakery.[96][97][98]. Under the auspices of Project MK-Ultra, the CIA began to fund studies at Columbia University, Stanford University and other colleges on the effects of the drug. .MK-ULTRA, MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation .I l Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 C06760269 Project MK-ULTRA . MK-Ultra was a top-secret CIA project in which the agency conducted hundreds of clandestine experimentssometimes on unwitting U.S. citizensto assess the potential use of LSD and other drugs . MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of psychoactive drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent, electroshocks,[5] hypnosis,[6][7] sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, and other forms of torture. The program had little oversight and the CIA agents involved admitted that a freewheeling, party-like atmosphere prevailed. MK-ULTRA, which operated from the 1950s until the early '60s, was created and run by a chemist named Sidney Gottlieb. Olson, a United States Army biochemist and biological weapons researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in November 1953, as part of a CIA experiment, and died after falling from a 13th-story window a week later. [52], In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels within agency safehouses in San Francisco to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. Gottlieb was not alone in thinking this. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. REMARKS: Executive Registry 84- ISM FYI: Since DDCI expressed interest in M.KULTRA statement several months CIA-RDP86M00886R000800010039-4 1 March 1984 STATEMENT ON MKULTRA Because of events in the 1.940's and early 1950's, subprojects were funded. Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MKSEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, alcohol and sodium pentothal.[66]. Sometimes the test subjects knew they were participating in a studybut at other times, they had no idea, even when the hallucinogens started taking effect. ABC7. With regard to MKULTRA of the MKULTRA material is very limited in scope and consists primarily of financial records. Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. His experiments were often carried out on patients who entered the institute for common problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanent effects from his actions. The recently discovered files of Project MKULTRA do contain evidence that research involving human testing indicate such testing on unwitting subjects ceased in 1964. But Gottlieb was still no closer to his dream of a drug that could control minds. The history of Unit 731 is even less transparent than that of its Nazi equivalents. US officials fixated on the notion that the Soviets were ahead of the United States in developing new forms of warfare. Olsons work had brought him into contact with the man who would secretly drug him: Sidney Gottlieb, head of one of the most infamous projects in CIA history, MK-Ultra. The CIA's own internal investigation concluded that the head of MKUltra, CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb, had conducted the LSD experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The civilian population was targeted for experiments, in programs such as MK-ULTRA, starting after WW II, when Nazi scientists were imported to the US, some working on scalar or gravity weapons, said Duncan. [13]:74[16][17][18] Over 7,000 American veterans took part in these experiments non-consensually during the 1950s through 1970s, many of them suing later on. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Unethical human experimentation in the United States, Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations, "One of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra", "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'", "Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe", "Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources", "PROJECT BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)", "Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014", "Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. In its search for the perfect mind-control technique, the CIA carried out horrifying tests on unwitting humans. During Operation Sea Spray, a Navy ship sprayed a bacteria into the air for six days along the coast of San Francisco. On November 28, 1953, Frank Olson, a scientist researching biological warfare for the US army, fell to his death from the tenth floor of the Manhattan Statler hotel. The CIA captured people suspected of being enemy agents and other people it deemed "expendable" to undertake various types of torture and human experimentation on them. "CIA Experiments With Mind Control on Children". Project MK Ultra was undertaken by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and lasted from 1953 until about 1973. Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: June 16, 2017. [49] They also administered LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, and members of the general public to study their reactions. Since its effects were temporary, he believed it could be given to high-ranking officials and in this way affect the course of important meetings, speeches, etc. [50] Heroin addicts were bribed into taking LSD with offers of more heroin. Olsons sons are convinced that their fathers death was not the result of a nervous breakdown, possibly triggered by the secret dosage of LSD; rather, they believe that he was murdered to prevent him from exposing secrets. In one case, seven drug-addicted African-American volunteers at the National Institute of Mental Health Addiction Research Center in Kentucky were given LSD for seventy-seven consecutive days. Other notable people who reportedly volunteered for CIA-backed experiments with LSD include Robert Hunter, the Grateful Dead lyricist; Ted Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber; and James Joseph Whitey Bulger, the notorious Boston mobster. I.,, ~ 3. [49] In one case, they administered LSD to a mental patient in Kentucky for 174 days. These research funds were sent to Cameron by a CIA front organization, the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, and as shown in internal CIA documents, Cameron did not know the money came from the CIA. [32], The project began during a period of what English journalist Rupert Cornwell described as "paranoia" at the CIA, when the U.S. had lost its nuclear monopoly and fear of communism was at its height. THE USE OF SEVEN IN MK-ULTRA PROGRAMMING - Fighting Monarch THE USE OF SEVEN IN MK-ULTRA PROGRAMMING March 14, 2020 fightingmonarch Seven seems to occupy a privileged role among the Illuminati. The MKULTRA activity is concerned with the research- A operational use made of these end products.- ' '_. The volunteers were so fascinated by their psychedelic experiences that doctors and nurses signed up to try it themselves. We strive for accuracy and fairness. [8][9], MKUltra was preceded by two drug-related experiments, Project Bluebird and Project ARTICHOKE. Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception. Project MKUltra (or MK-Ultra)[a] was an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), intended to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. We are no longer of documents indexed by the terms MKULTRA and behavioral research to serve as an index to the CDs. The MKULTRA activity is concerned with the research of the MKULTRA program in one copy only, in view of its ~ unusual sensitivity._ ' t._.. ' Z. Plan", "The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control", "Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA", "Senate MKUltra Hearing: Appendix C Documents Referring to Subprojects, (p. 167, in PDF document page numbering)", "Data shows 50s projects: Germ Testing by the CIA", "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate Chapter 4", "Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A. [75][unreliable source? When he left the CIA in 1973, he . Unfortunately, neither Project MKULTRA files of unwitting testing conducted under Project MKULTRA. The book shows that years of costly experimentation never brought any results that even pointed to the possibility of Manchurian Candidatestyle brainwashing. The program involved more than 150 human experiments involving psychedelic drugs, paralytics and electroshock therapy. The way Kinzer tells the story, Gottlieb was itching to contribute his skills to this research. These revelations resulted in Fords 1976 Executive Order on Intelligence Activities that prohibited experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject.. The officers conducting the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. Ken Kesey, author of the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, volunteered for MK-Ultra experiments with LSD while he was a college student at Stanford University. Over twenty years later, US president Gerald Ford personally met with Olsons family to offer his apologies. Kinzers explanation of Gottliebs motivation only goes so far. In 1953, Olson's death was described as a suicide that had occurred during a severe psychotic episode. August 3, 1977", "The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control: The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences", Entire Four CD-ROM set of CIA / MKUltra Declassified documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), image format, MKUltra Declassified documents, PDF format, Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings, XXVII. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. The purpose of the project was to identify whether psychedelic drugs such as lysergic. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Gottlieb proved resourceful in finding new victims. In 1987, the Supreme Court affirmed this defense in a 54 decision that dismissed Stanley's case: United States v. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use. The CIA funded and protected Cameron, who carried out tests that according to a review conducted decades later had no therapeutic validity whatsoever and were even comparable to Nazi medical atrocities. To explain Camerons actions, there is no need to consider misguided patriotism or Cold War fears as motivations. #honestnewsnetworkbackupchannelSubscribe to our backup Channelhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UClhdPXColYxNVIlJ0YjHjGQWelcome to Honest News Network, a Bible. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a person to perform physical activity. Other notable people who reportedly volunteered for CIA-backed experiments with LSD include Robert Hunter, the Grateful Dead lyricist; Ted Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber; and James Joseph Whitey Bulger, the notorious Boston mobster. [71] Their experiences and lawsuit were adapted in the 1998 television miniseries The Sleep Room. Acid Tests combined drug use with musical performances by bands including the Grateful Dead and psychedelic effects such as fluorescent paint and black lights. 4 44. do to Eric Olson's father? Fear of the enemy ran rampant among Americans, especially upon the sharp increase in PTSD in Korean prisoners of war. A forensics team found injuries on the body that had likely occurred before the fall. The CIA dosed the men with LSD and thenwhile at times drinking cocktails behind a two-way mirrorwatched the drugs effects on the mens behavior. [41], CIA documents suggest that they investigated "chemical, biological, and radiological" methods of mind control as part of MKUltra. The family of Frank Olson decided to have a second autopsy performed in 1994. The CIA exported experiments to Canada when they recruited British psychiatrist Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found interesting. Horrock, Nicholas M. (August 4, 1977). The Church Committeehelmed by Idaho Democratic Senator Frank Churchwas a larger investigation into the abuses of the CIA, FBI and other U.S. intelligence agencies during and after the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon. MK-Ultra also included experiments with MDMA (ecstasy), mescaline, heroin, barbiturates, methamphetamine and psilocybin (magic mushrooms). Anecdotes vary from horrifying in one experiment, mentally handicapped children were fed cereal laced with uranium and radioactive calcium to merely amusing, such as the time when CIA operatives supposedly implanted a listening device in a cat, but forgot that cats do not listen to instruction (it walked away during a test in a park). Nazi war criminals were not the only source of US knowledge. [99] The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters."
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