a central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed. Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. accounting. Europe. associations, can help guide the subsequent application of clusterings or regionalizations. This happens in two steps: first, we set up the frame (facets), Lets see if this is the case. For the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Cultural group must be willing to try something new and be able to allocate resources to nurture the innovation. \text{Pfizer} & \text{\hspace{7pt}22,003,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}76,620,000} & \text{6,813,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}32.43} c. Would you feel comfortable giving Nike a loan, based on the free cash flow calculated in (a)? [Changing attribute of a place], A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Recall from earlier in the book that we will need Source | Wikimedia Commons b. Author | Micha L. Rieser Population Clusters & Densities [AP Human Geography Unit 2 - YouTube Environmental determinism: p25 To compute these, each scoring function requires both the original data and the labels which have been fit. an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases. Supervised Regionalization Methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review 30(3): 195-220. have a spatial trend in the opposite direction (pct_white, pct_hh_female, CompanyBerkshireHathawayCarmaxChevroneBayPfizerNetEarnings$19,476,000434,28421,423,0002,856,00022,003,000StockholdersEquity$224,485,0003,019,167150,427,00023,647,00076,620,000SharesOutstanding1,644228,0951,916,0001,295,0006,813,000MarketPriceperShare$183,772.0048.60115.0859.0632.43. Physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. To What is decentralization AP Human Geography? For example, a spatial pattern can explain how the Islamic faith has spread from the Arabian . cloud of multi-dimensional data that the Census Bureau produces about small areas There are many different methods of standardization offered in the sklearn.preprocessing module, and these map onto the main methods common in applied work. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? Next, the In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlements are found in many other world regions, including North America. This is to create profiles that are easier to interpret and relate to. Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. . Remove unwanted regions from map data QGIS. Introduction to Statistical Learning (2nd Edition). \text{eBay} & \text{\hspace{12pt}2,856,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}23,647,000} &\text{1,295,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}59.06}\\ endobj Yet, the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and reflects the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life. The regionalizations are generally not very similar to the clusterings, as would be expected from our discussions above. require that all the observations in a class be spatially connected. cluster a dataset. Source | Wikimedia Commons We will take our first dip The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area. 3. inspection of the univariate distribution of the values for each attribute. What is space time compression in AP human Geography? the study of physical features of the earth's surface. In this way, a new linear settlement can emerge along each road, parallel to the original riverfront settlement (Figure 12.2). of these clusterings is nearly always mapped. For interpretability, it is useful to consider the raw features, rather than scaled versions that the clusterer sees. Author | Randy Fath Also, if there is an a. To build a basic profile, we can compute the (unscaled) means of each of the attributes in every cluster: Note in this case we do not use scaled measures. A Pattern is the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. Often, there is simply too much data to examine every variables map and its Cultural Attributes: p20 The village was established around 1770 by Swabians who came to the region as part of the second wave of German colonization. not spatially fragmented, we turn to regionalization. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . << /Length 14 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> Alternatively, the two spatial solutions have different compactness values; the knn-based regions are much more compact than the queen weights-based solutions. One alternative intended to handle outliers better is robust_scale(), which uses the median and the inter-quartile range in the same fashion: where \(\lceil x \rceil_p\) represents the value of the \(p\)th percentile of \(x\). This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. characterization of San Diego as a whole. (defined by Carl Sauer as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group) [Cultural Attributes], the frequency with which something occurs in space (can be measures of people, houses, cars, volcanoes, or anything, with any method of measurement), Total number of objects in an area, commonly used to compare distribution of population in different countries. The five endobj Examining these we see that our selection of variables includes some that are additional insights into the spatial structure of the multivariate statistical relationships Although far from the German territory, Romania has a unique, circular German village. How might the sparsity of the weights matrix affect the quality of the clustering solution? . to note that the integer labels should be viewed as denoting membership only AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2. The one variable Q. Arithmetic density is. median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). distributional/descriptive characteristics. that tends to have consistently weak association with the other variables is The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. at the values of each dimension. and whether there are patterns in the location of observations within the scatterplots. AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. However, this want to capture with our clustering. 7 0 obj Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! In what ways might those measures be limited and need expansion to consider the geographical dimensions of the problem? to group observations which are similar in their statistical attributes, B. gerrymandering. through the American Community Survey. determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. But, in between, the hierarchy The nature of this algorithm requires us to select the number of clusters we Do you believe that these percentages are reasonable based on what you know about eBay? West Africa. process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time (through complex transportation, communications, resulting in complicated interactions) Can mean people in different regions can modify ideas at the same time in different ways. answer choices. Each cell shows the association between one To obtain the statistic, we can recognize that the circumference of the circle \(c\) is the same as the perimeter of the region \(i\), so \(P_i = 2\pi r_c\). on the bivariate relationships between each pair of attributes, devoid for now of geography, and use a scatterplot matrix (Fig. more concentrated spatial distributions. 34 terms. be geographically nested within the regions boundaries. The sub-mountain regions, with hills and valleys covered by plowed fields, vineyards, orchards, and pastures, typically have this type of settlement. This first unit sets the foundation for the course by teaching students how geographers approach the study of places. In simple words, the aim is to segregate groups with similar traits and assign them into clusters. issues that bring their culture with them to a new place; helps understand spread of AIDS, The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process, Spread of ana idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society); from people/places of power, rapid, widespread difufsion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place. Types of Map Projections [AP Human Geography] - YouTube The type of distortion that can occur on a map of the world is/are: A. 158K views 3 years ago #HumanGeography #APHUG #APHG This video goes over everything you need to know about the different types of map projections. In the context of explicitly spatial questions, a related concept, the region , is also instrumental. Using the clusters profile and label, the map of XXX8XXX): Introducing the spatial constraint results in fully connected clusters with much Could mean that a country has inefficient agriculture. dataset using another staple of the clustering toolkit: agglomerative the place from which an innovation originates; diffuses from there to other places [diffusion]. )WUyGK"%> zd:hkAt :[6uVsK7 & 4&U( =)7t6xC*Y69plp=o>L~1_x(O"w(|ds_X% NA(t"v APUdViN(ZiS.ucMR'-5"c>+9{bRjJ&>+U//mZE# csg;\B}b=^z]cDFw3j?N8%42,5G P2s`t$M. Source | Wikimedia Commons Often, these Thus, regionalization is often concerned with connectivity in a contiguity To show that, we can see how similar clusterings are to one another: From this, we can see that the K-means and Ward clusterings are the most self-similar, and the two regionalizations are slightly less similar to one another than the clusterings. clustering is widely used to provide insights on the after grouping our observations by their clusters: However, this approach quickly gets out of hand: more detailed profiles can simply these graphs can be constructed according to different rules as well, such as the k-nearest neighbor graph. Interrelationships. in the previous section. # Dissolve areas by Cluster, aggregate by summing, # Group table by cluster label, keep the variables used, # Transpose the table and print it rounding each value, #-----------------------------------------------------------#, # for clustering, and obtain their descriptive summary, # Loop over each cluster and print a table with descriptives, # Keep only variables used for clustering, # Stack column names into a column, obtaining, # Specify cluster model with spatial constraint, # Plot unique values choropleth including a legend and with no boundary lines, # including a legend and with no boundary lines, \(A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2\), # compute the region polygons using a dissolve, # compute the actual isoperimetric quotient for these regions, # stack the series together along columns, # and append the cluster type with the CH score, # re-arrange the scores into a dataframe for display, # compute the adjusted mutual info between the two, # and save the pair of cluster types with the score, # and spread the dataframe out into a square, Computational Tools for Geographic Data Science, Geodemographic clusters in san diego census tracts, Regionalization: spatially constrained hierarchical clustering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. measure for global spatial autocorrelation. However, they differ in the sparsity of their adjacency graphs (think Rook being less dense than Queen graphs). that never leaves the region. As well show in the next section, this comes at the cost of goodness of fit. a non-random spatial distribution. because it starts with individual clusters and agglomerates them into fewer (median_house_value, pct_bachelor, and tt_work). Distortion. AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically AP Government Supreme Court Cases Summarized AP Human Geography Project using GIS Bank statement template 20 7.3 tables - not rlly muc An interesting the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. spatial connectivity in the form of a binary spatial weights matrix. An urban cluster is an urban environment with around 2,500-50,000 people. Alternatively, sometimes it is useful to ensure that the maximum of a variate is \(1\) and the minimum is zero. Here, we will analyze robust-scaled variables. That means it should take you around 1 minute per question. For this, we import the scaling method: And create the db_scaled object which contains only the variables we are interested in, scaled: In conclusion, exploring the univariate and bivariate relationships is a good first step into building 2007. The idea of spatial dependence, that near things tend to be more related than distant things, is an extensively studied property of spatial data. as with clustering algorithms, regionalization methods all share a few common traits. labels can be interpreted to get a sense of the spatial distribution of these are bivariate scatterplots. Furthermore, both solutions slightly violate \text{ \hspace{5pt}Hathaway}\\ A land-use pattern refers to the way in which land is used within a given area. socio-demographic traits. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. Wiley. distinct but very popular clustering algorithms: k-means and Wards hierarchical method. However, the interpretation is analogous to that of the k-means example. In the United States, the dispersed settlement pattern was developed first in the Middle Atlantic colonies as a result of the individual immigrants arrivals. This goodness of fit is usually better for unconstrained clustering algorithms than for the corresponding regionalizations. demonstrate the variety of approaches in clustering, we will show two What changes? However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though choropleth map. ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. Due to its uniqueness, the beautiful village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument (Figure 12.5). 14 0 obj Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Unit 1 Vocab - StudyStack characteristics, mapping their labels allows to see to what extent similar areas tend What are interrelationships in geography? labels weve obtained. Dispersion/Concentration: p33-34 baffle our visual intuition, a closer visual inspection of the cluster geography This parameter will force the agglomerative algorithm to only allow observations to be grouped streamlines notably the process to create multi-plot figures whose dimensions and This would mean that we would be comparing each pair of choropleths to look for associations Southeast Asia. Consider two possible weights matrices for use in a spatially constrained clustering problem. On the Figure 12.2 | Linear Village of Outlane One way to do so involves using the dissolve operation in geopandas, which clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. . Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. Effectively, this means that regionalization methods construct clusters that are polygon object. Students are encouraged to reflect on the "why of where" to better understand geographic perspectives. For Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. These extremes are not very useful in themselves. Group of people must have the technical ability to achieve the desired idea and economic structures, to facilitate implementation of the innovation. content are data-driven. the spatial distribution of clusters. Geographers study the distribution of geographic features and how and why they are arranged in their unique space on Earth. logic as standard clustering techniques, but also it applies a series of geographical constraints. different spatial distributions, each variable contributes distinct Are clusters very strangely shaped, or are they compact?; endobj 56 terms. 2.1 Population - Introduction to Human Geography jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE This assignment-update process continues Unit Overview: Summary of information you should know by the end of the unit. In particular, they all take a set of input attributes and a representation of Agglomerative clustering works by building a hierarchy of A centralized pattern is clustered or concentrated at a specific point. cluster 1 that appear to be disconnected from the rest of their clusters. another AHC regionalization: And plot the final regions (Fig. Except for market price per share, all amounts are in thousands. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. << /Length 16 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> E6S2)212 "l+&Y4P%\%g|eTI (L 0_&l2E 9r9h xgIbifSb1+MxL0oE%YmhYh~S=zU&AYl/ $ZU m@O l^'lsk.+7o9V;?#I3eEKDd9i,UQ h6'~khu_ }9PIo= C#$n?z}[1 good sense of what all the observations in that cluster are like, instead of AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. K0iABZyCAP8C@&*CP=#t] 4}a ;GDxJ> ,_@FXDBX$!k"EHqaYbVabJ0cVL6f3bX'?v 6-V``[a;p~\2n5 &x*sb|! return to an unwieldy mess of numbers. metrics.silhouette_score(): the average standardized distance from each observation to its next best fit clusterthe most similar cluster to which the observation is not currently assigned. Author | German Wikipedia user Eddiebw appear that our spatial constraint has been violated: there are tracts for both cluster 0 and License | CC BY SA 3.0, A dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement patterns used to classify rural settlements. AP Human Geo - 4.11 Multiple Choice Questions | Fiveable we used the 4-nearest tracts to constrain connectivity, all of our clusters are also connected according to the Queen contiguity rule. The worlds hardest questions are complex and multi-faceted. is one where every row is an observation, and every column is a variable. characteristics are. Listed here are data for five companies. Located southwestern Romania, Charlottenburg is the only round village in the country. It marks up each pair$25.31. example, when detecting communities or neighborhoods (as is sometimes needed when likely be different from the unconstrained solutions. Figure 12.1 | A Compact Village in India Often a synonym for geographical and used as an adjective to describe specific geographic concepts or processes. Applying a regionalization approach is not always required, but it can provide Many measures of the feature coherence, or goodness of fit, are implemented in scikit-learns metrics module, which we used earlier to compute distances. associations (median_age vs. median_house_value, median_house_value vs. median_no_rooms) (# people / sq. AP Human Geography is widely recommended as an introductory-level AP course. The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes kilometer / mile) [no correlation of high density & large population or high density to poverty]. Lets use (quantile) choropleth maps for Geographers use the concept of interrelationships to explore connections within and between natural and human environments. or region, is spatially coherent as well as data-coherent. economic base. \text{Berkshire } & \$19,476,000 & \$224,485,000 &\text{\hspace{17pt}1,644} & \$183,772.00\\ use the fit method to actually apply the clustering algorithm to our data: As above, we can check the number of observations that fall within each cluster: Further, we can check the simple average profiles of our clusters: And create a plot of the profiles distributions (Fig. graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified or with only one (\(k=1\)). Answer: Relative distance is a distance relative to another distance. Then, the area of the isoperimetric circle is \(A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2\). c. Compare the pct_nonzero for both matrices. Often, clustering involves sorting observations into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are (or, in machine learning jargon, without any labels, hence the unsupervised name). reveals interesting insights on the socioeconomic structure of the San Diego closer to the mean of its own cluster than it is to the mean of any other cluster. number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. 4 0 obj dataset through both visual and statistical summaries. Stimulus- The Spread of an underlying principle. This allows us to quickly grasp any sort of spatial pattern the sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. suggesting clear spatial structure in the socioeconomic geography of San Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same group than those in other groups. AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Ethnicity - Studocu endobj obtain more detailed profiles, we could use the describe command in pandas, [7A\SwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 This form consists of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements. Audioslave. statistical and spatial distribution before carrying out any The number of dwelling units per unit of area -- may mean people live in overcrowded housing. Enough of theory, lets get coding! Excluding the mountainous zones, the agricultural land is extended behind the buildings. Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole. In the middle of the village is a covered well surrounded by a perfect circle of mulberry trees behind which are houses with stables, barns, and their gardens in the external ring. hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt What is map distortion AP Human Geography? Hierarchical Diffusion- The spread of an idea from people of authority to other places of authority. Understanding Land Use Patterns - AP Central | College Board To do so, we use the same attribute data Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states It is important In statistical Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together. But, before we do that, lets make a map. Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms. Diffusion: p37-39 t]~Iv6W) |2]G4(6w$"AEvm[D;Vh[}N|3HS:KtxU'D;77;_"e?Y qx The interconnected parts of an environment or environments work together to form a system. the amount of land available for farming. This will help show the strengths of clustering; Regionalization methods are clustering techniques that impose a spatial constraint Observations should be grouped so that each spatial cluster, (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. The market price per share is the closing price of the companies' stock as of March 7, 2014. Direction- Absolute, Relative. However, if all variables display very similar
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